Amakuru

Porogaramu nyayo yo gutunganya amakuru isaba ibintu byoroshye, bitinze, sisitemu yo kubara imbaraga nke. Hamwe nubushobozi bwibikorwa byo kubara, byuzuzanya ibyuma-oxyde-semiconductor hybrid memristive neuromorphic ibyubaka bitanga umusingi wibyuma byiza kubikorwa nkibi. Kugirango tugaragaze ubushobozi bwuzuye bwa sisitemu, turasaba kandi tugerageza kwerekana igisubizo cyuzuye cyo gutunganya igisubizo cyibintu-nyabyo bifatika. Twifashishije imbaraga ziva muri barn owl neuroanatomy, twateje imbere bioinspired, ibyabaye-byatewe nibintu bya sisitemu yo guhuza ibikorwa bigezweho bigezweho bya piezoelectric micromechanical transducer transducer hamwe na comptabilite igishushanyo mbonera gishingiye kuri neuromorphic anti-memory. Twerekana ibipimo bya sisitemu yahimbwe ikubiyemo kwibuka-bishingiye ku kwibuka birwanya impanuka, gutinda kumurongo, hamwe na transducer ya ultrasonic yuzuye. Dukoresha ibisubizo byubushakashatsi kugirango duhindure ibigereranyo kurwego rwa sisitemu. Ibigereranirizo noneho bikoreshwa mugusuzuma inguni zingirakamaro hamwe ningufu zingirakamaro zicyitegererezo. Ibisubizo byerekana ko uburyo bwacu bushobora kuba amategeko menshi yubunini bukoresha ingufu kurusha microcontrollers ikora umurimo umwe.
Twinjiye mugihe cyo kubara hose aho umubare wibikoresho na sisitemu zoherejwe bigenda byiyongera cyane kugirango bidufashe mubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi. Izi sisitemu ziteganijwe gukora ubudahwema, zitwara imbaraga nke zishoboka mugihe wiga gusobanura amakuru bakusanyije kuva kuri sensor nyinshi mugihe nyacyo kandi ikabyara umusaruro wibisubizo nkibikorwa byo gutondeka cyangwa kumenyekanisha. Imwe muntambwe zingenzi zisabwa kugirango iyi ntego igerweho ni ugukuramo amakuru yingirakamaro kandi yoroheje avuye mu rusaku kandi akenshi atuzuye. Ubwubatsi busanzwe bwuburyo busanzwe bwerekana ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso ku gipimo gihoraho kandi kiri hejuru, bikabyara umubare munini wamakuru nubwo habuze inyongeramusaruro zingirakamaro. Mubyongeyeho, ubu buryo bukoresha uburyo bukomeye bwo gutunganya ibimenyetso bya digitale kugirango ubanze utunganyirize amakuru (akenshi urusaku). Ahubwo, ibinyabuzima bitanga ubundi buryo bwo gutunganya amakuru yuzuye urusaku ukoresheje ingufu zikoresha ingufu, zidahuye, ibyabaye-biterwa nuburyo (spike) 2,3. Kubara Neuromorphic bisaba imbaraga muri sisitemu y'ibinyabuzima kugirango igabanye ibiciro byo kubara ukurikije ingufu n'ibisabwa kwibuka ugereranije nuburyo gakondo bwo gutunganya ibimenyetso4,5,6. Vuba aha, ibikorwa rusange bishya bigamije ubwonko bushyira mubikorwa imiyoboro yimitsi (TrueNorth7, BrainScaleS8, DYNAP-SE9, Loihi10, Spinnaker11). Izi progaramu zitanga imbaraga nke, ibisubizo bitinze byo kwiga imashini no kwerekana imiterere ya cortical. Kugirango bakoreshe neza imbaraga zabo, izi neuromorphic zitunganya zigomba guhuzwa neza na sensor-ibyabaye -12. Ariko, uyumunsi hariho ibikoresho bike byo gukoraho bitanga amakuru yimikorere yibikorwa. Ingero zingenzi ni sensororo yerekana amashusho (DVS) kubikorwa byo kureba nko gukurikirana no gutahura ibyerekezo14,15,16,17 silicon cochlea18 na sensor ya neuromorphic sensors (NAS) 19 yo gutunganya ibimenyetso byumva, ibyuma bya olfactory20 hamwe ningero nyinshi21,22 zo gukoraho. . ibyuma byerekana.
Muriyi mpapuro, turerekana ibyashizweho bishya byayobowe na sisitemu yo gutunganya amajwi ikoreshwa mubintu byaho. Hano, kunshuro yambere, turasobanura sisitemu iherezo-iherezo ryibintu byaho byabonetse muguhuza leta igezweho ya piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) hamwe nigishushanyo cyo kubara gishingiye kububiko bwa neuromorphique (RRAM). Kwibuka muri comptabilite yububiko ukoresheje RRAM nigisubizo cyiza cyo kugabanya gukoresha ingufu 23,24,25,26,27,28,29. Imiterere yabo idahindagurika-idasaba gukoresha imbaraga zikoreshwa mukubika cyangwa kuvugurura amakuru-birahuye neza na kamere idahwitse, ibyabaye-biterwa na comptabilite ya neuromorphique, bikavamo gukoresha hafi-nta mashanyarazi iyo sisitemu idakora. Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs) ihendutse, miniaturizasi ya silicon ishingiye kuri ultrasonic transducers ishoboye gukora nka transmitteri niyakira 30,31,32,33,34. Gutunganya ibimenyetso byakiriwe na sensor yubatswe, twakuye imbaraga muri barn owl neuroanatomy35,36,37. Inkongoro y'ingurube Tyto alba izwiho ubuhanga budasanzwe bwo guhiga nijoro bitewe na sisitemu yo kwumva neza. Kugirango ubare aho umuhigo uherereye, sisitemu yo mu bwoko bwa nyiramugengeri igizwe nigihe cyo guhaguruka (ToF) iyo imivumba yijwi ivuye mu muhigo igera kuri buri gutwi kw’igihunyira cyangwa mu byakira amajwi. Urebye intera iri hagati yamatwi, itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibipimo byombi bya ToF (Interaural Time Difference, ITD) ituma bishoboka gusesengura muburyo bwo kubara umwanya wa azimuth wintego. Nubwo ibinyabuzima bidakwiranye no gukemura ibigereranyo bya algebraic, birashobora gukemura ibibazo byaho neza. Sisitemu ya barn owl nervous sisitemu ikoresha urutonde rwimpanuka (CD) 35 neuron (ni ukuvuga neuron ibasha gutahura isano ryigihe gito hagati yimitsi ikwirakwira ikamanuka kugera kumpera zishimishije) 38,39 zateguwe mubishushanyo mbonera kugirango bikemure ibibazo byimyanya.
Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye ko ibyuma byuzuzanya-oxyde-semiconductor (CMOS) hamwe nibikoresho bya RRAM bishingiye kuri neuromorphic ibyuma byahumetswe na colliculus yo hasi (“auditori cortex”) y’igihunyira ni uburyo bwiza bwo kubara umwanya ukoresheje ITD13, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46. Ariko, ubushobozi bwa sisitemu yuzuye ya neuromorphique ihuza ibimenyetso byunvikana nubushushanyo bwo kubara bwa neuromorphique ntiburagaragara. Ikibazo nyamukuru ni ihinduka ryihariye ryikigereranyo cya CMOS, bigira ingaruka kumyitozo yo kumenya. Vuba aha, ubundi buryo bwo gushyira mubikorwa imibare ya ITD47 bwerekanwe. Muri iyi nyandiko, turasaba gukoresha ubushobozi bwa RRAM kugirango duhindure agaciro kimyitwarire muburyo budahindagurika kugirango duhangane nimpinduka zumuzingi. Twashyize mubikorwa sisitemu yubushakashatsi igizwe na pMUT imwe yohereza membrane ikora kuri frequence ya 111.9 kHz, pMUT ebyiri yakira membrane (sensor) yigana amatwi yinyoni, nimwe. Twagerageje kuranga sisitemu yo gutahura pMUT hamwe na RRAM ishingiye kuri ITD yo kubara kugirango dusuzume sisitemu yaho kandi dusuzume imiterere yayo.
Turagereranya uburyo bwacu nogushira mubikorwa bya digitale kuri microcontroller ikora umurimo umwe waho ukoresheje uburyo busanzwe bwo kumurika cyangwa uburyo bwa neuromorphic, hamwe numurima ushobora gutegurwa amarembo (FPGA) kubigereranyo bya ITD byatanzwe mubisobanuro. 47. Iri gereranya ryerekana imbaraga zo guhatanira imbaraga za RRAM zishingiye kuri analog neuromorphic sisitemu.
Imwe mungero zigaragara za sisitemu yukuri kandi ikora neza irashobora kuboneka muri barn owl 35,37,48. Iyo bwije na bucya, igihunyira (Tyto Alba) gishingiye cyane cyane ku gutega amatwi gusa, gushakisha cyane umuhigo muto nka voles cyangwa imbeba. Izi mpuguke zumva zirashobora gutandukanya ibimenyetso byunvikana bivuye kumuhigo hamwe nukuri gutangaje (hafi 2 °) 35, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 1a. Ibinyamushongo byerekana aho isoko yijwi iri mu ndege ya azimuth (itambitse) uhereye ku itandukaniro ryigihe cyo guhaguruka (ITD) kuva isoko yijwi kugeza kumatwi yombi. Uburyo bwa comptabilite ya ITD bwatanzwe na Jeffress 49,50 bushingiye kuri geometrike kandi busaba ibice bibiri byingenzi: axon, fibre ya neuron ya neuron ikora nk'umurongo wo gutinda, hamwe na neuron nyinshi zihurirana na sisitemu yo kubara. igishushanyo nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 1b. Ijwi rigera mu gutwi hamwe na azimuth biterwa nigihe cyo gutinda (ITD). Ijwi noneho rihindurwa muburyo bwa spike muri buri gutwi. Imirongo yamatwi yibumoso n iburyo ikora nkumurongo utinda kandi igahurira kuri CD neuron. Mubyukuri, neuron imwe gusa murwego rwinshi rwa neuron ihuye izakira ibitekerezo icyarimwe (aho gutinda guhagarika neza neza) kandi bizarasa cyane (selile zituranye nazo zizarasa, ariko kuri frequency yo hasi). Gukora neuron zimwe zifata umwanya wintego mumwanya utarinze guhindura ITD kumpande. Iki gitekerezo cyavunaguye mubishushanyo 1c: kurugero, niba amajwi aturuka kuruhande rwiburyo mugihe ibimenyetso byinjira mumatwi yiburyo bigenda inzira ndende kuruta inzira iva ugutwi kwi bumoso, byishyura umubare wa ITDs, kurugero, iyo neuron 2 ihuye. Muyandi magambo, buri CD isubiza ITD runaka (izwi kandi nko gutinda neza) kubera gutinda kwa axon. Rero, ubwonko buhindura amakuru yigihe gito mumakuru atandukanye. Ibimenyetso bifatika kuri ubu buryo byabonetse 37,51. Icyiciro gifunze macronucleus neurons ibika amakuru yigihe gito kubyerekeye amajwi yinjira: nkuko izina ryabo ribivuga, barasa mugice runaka cyibimenyetso. Coincidence detector neurons ya moderi ya Jeffress irashobora kuboneka mumyanya ya laminar. Bakira amakuru avuye muri macronuclear neuron, ama axon akora nkumurongo utinda. Ingano yubukererwe itangwa numurongo wo gutinda irashobora gusobanurwa nuburebure bwa axon, kimwe nubundi buryo bwa myelination buhindura umuvuduko wumuvuduko. Twahumetswe na sisitemu yo kumva ya barn owl, twateje imbere sisitemu ya biomimetike yo gutandukanya ibintu. Amatwi yombi agereranwa na pMUT ebyiri. Inkomoko yijwi ni transmitter ya pMUT iri hagati yabo (Igishusho 1a), kandi igishushanyo cyo kubara gikozwe numuyoboro wa CD ya RRAM ishingiye kuri CD (Ishusho 1b, icyatsi), ikina uruhare rwa CD neuron ya CD ibyinjira byatinze. unyuze kumuzunguruko, imirongo yo gutinda (ubururu) ikora nka axon murwego rwibinyabuzima. Sisitemu yo kumva ibyiyumvo itandukanye mubikorwa byinshyi nibikorwa byigihunyira, sisitemu yo kwumva ikorera murwego rwa 1-8 kHz, ariko ibyuma bya pMUT bikoresha hafi 117 kHz bikoreshwa muriki gikorwa. Guhitamo transducer ya ultrasonic bifatwa nkibipimo bya tekiniki no gutezimbere. Ubwa mbere, kugabanya kwakirwa kwakirwa kumurongo umwe muburyo bwiza butezimbere ibipimo byukuri kandi byoroshya intambwe yo gutunganya. Byongeye kandi, imikorere muri ultrasound ifite inyungu ko impiswi yasohotse itumvikana, kubwibyo rero ntuhungabanye abantu, kubera ko amajwi yabo ari ~ 20-20 kHz.
igihunyira cyakira amajwi yumurongo uva kumugambi, muriki gihe ugenda uhiga. Igihe cyo guhaguruka (ToF) cyijwi ryamajwi kiratandukanye kuri buri gutwi (keretse umuhigo uri imbere yikigina). Umurongo utudomo werekana inzira amajwi yumurongo afata kugirango agere kumatwi yinyoni. Umuhigo urashobora kwerekanwa neza mumurongo utambitse ukurikije itandukaniro ry'uburebure hagati yinzira ebyiri za acoustic hamwe nigihe gitandukanya igihe (ITD) (ishusho ibumoso ihumekwa na re. 74, uburenganzira bwa 2002, Sosiyete ishinzwe Neuroscience). Muri sisitemu yacu, imiyoboro ya pMUT (ubururu bwijimye) itanga amajwi yumvikana asunika intego. Imirasire ya ultrasound yagaragajwe yakirwa na pMUT ebyiri yakira (icyatsi kibisi) kandi igatunganywa na neuromorphic processor (iburyo). b Moderi yo kubara ITD (Jeffress) isobanura uburyo amajwi yinjira mumatwi yikigina yabanje gushyirwaho nkimigozi ifunze fase muri nucleus nini (NM) hanyuma igakoresha geometrike itunganijwe ya geometrike ya neuron ihuye na nucleus ya lamellar. Gutunganya (Ubuholandi) (ibumoso). Igishushanyo cyerekana ibishushanyo mbonera bya neuroITD bihuza imirongo yo gutinda hamwe na neuron ihura na neuron, sisitemu ya biosensor ya owl irashobora kwiganwa hakoreshejwe RRAM ishingiye kuri neuromorphic circuits (iburyo). c Igishushanyo mbonera cyingenzi cya Jeffress, kubera itandukaniro rya ToF, amatwi yombi yakira amajwi atera amajwi mugihe gitandukanye kandi akohereza axon kuva kumpande zombi kuri detector. Axons ni igice cyuruhererekane rwerekana impanuka (CD) neuron, buri kimwe gisubiza guhitamo guhitamo igihe-gifitanye isano ninjiza. Nkigisubizo, gusa CD zifite inyongeramusaruro zigera hamwe nigihe gito cyo gutandukanya zishimiwe cyane (ITD yishyurwa neza). CD izahita ishiraho intego yibirindiro.
Piezoelectric micromechanical ultrasonic transducers ni transducers nini ya ultrasonic transducers ishobora guhuzwa na tekinoroji ya CMOS yateye imbere 31,32,33,52 kandi ikagira voltage yo hasi hamwe nogukoresha ingufu kuruta transducers gakondo ya volumetric53. Mubikorwa byacu, diameter ya membrane ni 880 µm, kandi inshuro ya resonant ikwirakwizwa murwego rwa 110–117 kHz (Ishusho 2a, reba Uburyo burambuye). Mu cyiciro cyibikoresho icumi byipimishije, impuzandengo yubuziranenge yari 50 (reba 31). Ikoranabuhanga rimaze gukura mu nganda kandi ntabwo ari bioinspired kuri buri. Gukomatanya amakuru yo muri firime zitandukanye za pMUT nubuhanga buzwi, kandi amakuru yinguni arashobora kuboneka muri pMUT ukoresheje, urugero, tekinoroji yo kumurika 31,54. Nyamara, gutunganya ibimenyetso bisabwa gukuramo inguni amakuru ntibikwiye kubipima imbaraga nke. Sisitemu yatanzwe ihuza amakuru ya neuromorphic yamakuru atunganyirizwa kumuzunguruko pMUT hamwe na RRAM ishingiye ku gishushanyo mbonera cya neuromorphic computing cyatewe na moderi ya Jeffress (Igishusho 2c), gitanga ubundi buryo bukoresha ingufu kandi bukoresha ibikoresho bikemura ibibazo. Twakoze igeragezwa aho ibyuma bibiri bya pMUT byashyizwe hafi cm 10 zitandukanye kugirango dukoreshe amajwi atandukanye ya ToF yakiriwe na bombi bakira membrane. PMUT imwe ikora nka transmitter yicara hagati yabakiriye. Intego yari isahani ya PVC cm 12 z'ubugari, iherereye intera D imbere yigikoresho cya pMUT (Ishusho 2b). Uwakiriye yandika amajwi agaragara kuva mubintu kandi akitwara uko bishoboka kwose mugihe cyo gutambuka kwijwi. Subiramo igerageza uhindura umwanya wikintu, ugenwa nintera D nu mfuruka θ. Byatewe na link. 55, turasaba neuromorphic mbere yo gutunganya ibimenyetso bibisi bya pMUT kugirango duhindure imiraba igaragara mumasonga kugirango twinjize igishushanyo mbonera cya neuromorphic. ToF ihuye nimpinga ya amplitude ikurwa muri buri muyoboro yombi kandi igashyirwaho nkigihe nyacyo cyimpinga. Ku mutini. 2c yerekana umuzenguruko usabwa kugirango uhuze sensor ya pMUT hamwe na RRAM ishingiye ku gishushanyo mbonera: kuri buri kimwe muri bibiri byakira pMUT, ikimenyetso kibisi ni band-pass yungururwa kugirango yorohereze, ikosore, hanyuma ihita yinjira muburyo bwuzuye bwo gutsinda. inzitizi zingana (Igishusho 2d) ikora ibyasohotse (spike) hamwe no kurasa (LIF) neuron: igihe cyo gusohora igihe cyerekana igihe cyo guhaguruka. Inzira ya LIF ihindurwamo kurwanya igisubizo cya pMUT, bityo igabanye guhinduka kwa pMUT kuva kubikoresho kubikoresho. Hamwe nubu buryo, aho kubika amajwi yose yibuka mumajwi hanyuma tukayatunganya nyuma, dukora gusa impinga ihuye na ToF yijwi ryamajwi, ikora ibyinjira mubishushanyo bibarwa bibarwa. Imitwe yoherejwe mu buryo butaziguye ku murongo wo gutinda kandi igereranywa na module yo guhuza ibice mu bishushanyo mbonera bya neuromorphic. Kuberako boherejwe kumarembo ya tristoriste, ntamuzunguruko wongeyeho (reba Ishusho yinyongera ya 4 kugirango ubone ibisobanuro). Kugirango dusuzume aho ingero zifatika zitangwa na pMUT hamwe nuburyo bwateganijwe bwo gutunganya ibimenyetso, twapimye ITD (ni ukuvuga itandukaniro ryigihe hagati yibyabaye byatewe nabakiriye babiri) nkuko intera ninguni yikintu byari bitandukanye. Isesengura rya ITD ryahise rihindurwa ku mfuruka (reba Methods) hanyuma ripanga kurwanya umwanya wikintu: ukutamenya neza muri ITD yapimwe byiyongereye hamwe nintera nu kintu (Ishusho 2e, f). Ikibazo nyamukuru nigipimo cy-urusaku (PNR) mubisubizo bya pMUT. Iyo ikintu kiri kure, hepfo ikimenyetso cya acoustic, bityo ukagabanya PNR (Ishusho 2f, umurongo wicyatsi). Kugabanuka kwa PNR biganisha ku kwiyongera kudashidikanywaho mu kigereranyo cya ITD, bigatuma habaho kwiyongera kwukuri kwaho (Ishusho 2f, umurongo wubururu). Kubintu biri kuri cm 50 uvuye kuri transmitter, uburinganire bwa sisitemu ni 10 °. Iyi mbogamizi yashyizweho nibiranga sensor irashobora kunozwa. Kurugero, umuvuduko woherejwe na emitter urashobora kwiyongera, bityo ukongera voltage itwara pMUT membrane. Ikindi gisubizo cyo kongera ibimenyetso byanyujijwe ni uguhuza imiyoboro myinshi 56. Ibi bisubizo bizongera urwego rwo gutahura biturutse ku kongera ingufu z’ingufu. Iterambere ryinyongera rirashobora gukorwa kuruhande rwakira. Urusaku rw urusaku rwa pMUT rushobora kugabanuka cyane mugutezimbere isano iri hagati ya pMUT nicyiciro cya mbere cyongerera imbaraga, kuri ubu ikaba ikorwa hamwe nu nsinga hamwe ninsinga za RJ45.
Ishusho ya kristu ya pMUT hamwe na bitandatu 880 µm membrane ihujwe kuri 1.5 mm ikibuga. b Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gupima. Intego iherereye kuri azimuth umwanya θ no kure ya D. Ikwirakwizwa rya pMUT ritanga ikimenyetso cya 117,6 kHz kiva ku ntego kandi kigera kubakira pMUT ebyiri hamwe nigihe gitandukanye cyo guhaguruka (ToF). Iri tandukanyirizo, risobanurwa nkibihe bitandukanye hagati yigihe (ITD), rikoresha umwanya wikintu kandi rishobora kugereranywa no kugereranya igisubizo cyibisubizo byombi byakira. c Igishushanyo mbonera cyambere cyo gutunganya kugirango uhindure ibimenyetso mbisi bya pMUT muburyo bwa spike (ni ukuvuga kwinjiza mubishushanyo mbonera bya neuromorphic). Imashini za pMUT hamwe na neuromorphic computational ibishushanyo byahimbwe kandi birageragezwa, kandi neuromorphic pre-gutunganya bishingiye ku kwigana software. d Igisubizo cya pMUT membrane nyuma yo kubona ikimenyetso no guhinduka muri domaine ya spike. e Kugerageza kwimenyekanisha neza nkumurimo wikintu (Θ) nintera (D) kubintu bigenewe. Uburyo bwo gukuramo ITD busaba byibuze gukemura impande zingana na 4 ° C. f Ingero zifatika (umurongo wubururu) hamwe nimpuzandengo-y-urusaku (umurongo wicyatsi) nintera yikintu kuri Θ = 0.
Kwibuka birwanya kubika amakuru muburyo budahindagurika. Ihame ryibanze ryuburyo ni uko guhindura ibikoresho kurwego rwa atome bitera impinduka mumashanyarazi yayo 57. Hano dukoresha okiside ishingiye kuri oxyde yibikoresho bigizwe na 5nm ya dioxyde de hafnium yashyizwe hagati ya titanium yo hejuru no hepfo na nitranide nitride electrode. Imikorere yibikoresho bya RRAM irashobora guhinduka mugukoresha imiyoboro ya voltage / voltage ikora cyangwa igasenya filime yimyitwarire yimyanya myuka ya ogisijeni hagati ya electrode. Twahujije ibyo bikoresho 58 muburyo busanzwe bwa 130 nm CMOS kugirango dukore ibihimbano byahinduwe na neuromorphic umuzenguruko ushyira mubikorwa icyuma gihurirana hamwe n'umurongo utinda (Ishusho 3a). Imiterere idahindagurika kandi igereranya igikoresho, ifatanije nibyabaye-biterwa na kamere yumuzunguruko wa neuromorphique, bigabanya gukoresha ingufu. Umuzunguruko ufite ako kanya kumikorere / kuzimya: ikora ako kanya nyuma yo gufungura, kwemerera ingufu kuzimya burundu mugihe umuzenguruko udafite akazi. Inzira nyamukuru yo kubaka gahunda yatanzwe irerekanwa mugitabo. 3b. Igizwe na N parallel imwe-résistoriste imwe-tristoriste (1T1R) igizwe nuburemere bwa synaptique ivamo imiyoboro iremereye, igaterwa muri synaps rusange ihuriweho na enterineti itandukanye (DPI) 59, hanyuma ikinjizwa muri synaps hamwe no kwishyira hamwe no kumeneka. ikora (LIF) neuron 60 (reba Uburyo burambuye). Iyinjiza ryinjira rikoreshwa kumarembo yimiterere ya 1T1R muburyo bwurukurikirane rwa voltage pulses hamwe nigihe kirekire kuri gahunda ya nanosekond. Ubushobozi bwo kwibuka bushobora gushyirwa muburyo buhanitse (HCS) ukoresheje icyerekezo cyiza cyo hanze kuri Vtop mugihe Vbottom ihagaze, hanyuma igasubira muburyo buke (LCS) ukoresheje voltage nziza kuri Vbottom mugihe Vtop ihagaze. Impuzandengo ya HCS irashobora kugenzurwa no kugabanya porogaramu igezweho (kubahiriza) ya SET (ICC) na voltage-irembo ya voltage ya seriveri ya transistor (Ishusho 3c). Imikorere ya RRAM muruziga ni ebyiri: ziyobora kandi zipima kwinjiza pulses.
Gusikana microscope ya electron (SEM) ishusho yubururu bwa HfO2 1T1R RRAM yubururu bwinjijwe muri tekinoroji ya nm 130 ya CMOS hamwe na tristoriste yatoranijwe (ubugari bwa 650 nm) mu cyatsi. b Ibyingenzi byubaka byateganijwe gutegurwa na neuromorphic. Iyinjizwa rya voltage pulses (impinga) Vin0 na Vin1 bitwara Iweight iriho, ibyo bikaba bihwanye na reta ya G0 na G1 yuburyo bwa 1T1R. Ubu bugezweho bwinjijwe muri synaps ya DPI kandi bushimisha LIF neuron. RRAM G0 na G1 byashyizwe muri HCS na LCS. c Imikorere yimyitwarire yimyitwarire yitsinda ryibikoresho bya 16K RRAM nkigikorwa cyo guhuza ICC igezweho, igenzura neza urwego rwimikorere. d Ibipimo byumuzunguruko muri (a) byerekana ko G1 (muri LCS) ihagarika neza ibyinjijwe muri Vin1 (icyatsi), kandi mubyukuri ibisohoka bya neuron ya membrane ya voltage isubiza gusa ibyinjira mubururu biva kuri Vin0. RRAM igena neza amasano mumuzunguruko. e Gupima umuzenguruko muri (b) werekana ingaruka zagaciro kimyitwarire G0 kuri membrane voltage Vmem nyuma yo gukoresha voltage pulse Vin0. Imyitwarire myinshi, igisubizo gikomera: nuko, igikoresho cya RRAM gishyira mubikorwa uburemere bwa I / O. Ibipimo byakorewe kumuzunguruko no kwerekana imikorere ibiri ya RRAM, guhuza no kuremerera impiswi zinjiza.
Ubwa mbere, kubera ko hari leta ebyiri zingenzi zitwara abantu (HCS na LCS), RRAMs irashobora guhagarika cyangwa kubura impiswi zinjira mugihe ziri muri leta ya LCS cyangwa HCS. Nkigisubizo, RRAM igena neza amasano mumuzunguruko. Ngiyo ishingiro ryo gushobora kongera kubaka ubwubatsi. Kugirango tubigaragaze, tuzasobanura ishyirwa mubikorwa ryumuzunguruko wahagaritswe kumuzingo kumashusho 3b. RRAM ihuye na G0 yateguwe muri HCS, naho RRAM G1 ya kabiri yateguwe muri LCS. Amafaranga yinjiza akoreshwa kuri Vin0 na Vin1. Ingaruka zuburyo bubiri bwinjiza pulses zasesenguwe mubisohoka bya neuron mukusanya voltage ya neuron membrane hamwe nibimenyetso bisohoka hakoreshejwe oscilloscope. Ubushakashatsi bwagenze neza mugihe igikoresho cya HCS (G0) cyonyine cyahujwe nindwara ya neuron kugirango itere impagarara. Ibi bigaragarira mu gishushanyo cya 3d, aho gari ya moshi yubururu itera imbaraga za membrane ziyongera kuri capacitor ya membrane, mugihe gari ya moshi yicyatsi ituma membrane ihora.
Igikorwa cya kabiri cyingenzi cya RRAM ni ugushyira mubikorwa uburemere. Ukoresheje RRAM igereranya imyitwarire, I / O ihuza irashobora kuremerwa bikurikije. Mu igeragezwa rya kabiri, igikoresho cya G0 cyateguwe mu nzego zitandukanye za HCS, kandi impiswi yinjira yakoreshejwe kuri VIn0 yinjira. Iyinjiza pulse ikuramo ikigezweho (Iweight) uhereye kubikoresho, bigereranywa nimyitwarire hamwe nibishobora kugabanuka Vtop - Vbot. Umuyoboro uremereye noneho winjizwa muri synaps ya DPI na LIF isohoka neuron. Umuvuduko wa membrane ya neuron yasohotse yanditswe hakoreshejwe oscilloscope kandi werekanwa ku gishushanyo cya 3d. Umuvuduko wa voltage ya neuron membrane mugusubiza igisubizo kimwe cyinjiza gihwanye nimyitwarire yibuka rirwanya, byerekana ko RRAM ishobora gukoreshwa nkibintu byateganijwe byuburemere bwa synaptic. Ibi bizamini bibiri byibanze byerekana ko icyifuzo cya RRAM gishingiye kuri neuromorphic platform gishobora gushyira mubikorwa ibintu byibanze byuburyo bwibanze bwa Jeffress, aribwo umurongo wo gutinda hamwe n’umuzunguruko uhura. Ihuriro ryumuzunguruko ryubatswe mugukurikirana ibizunguruka bikurikirana kuruhande, nkibibuza kumashusho 3b, no guhuza amarembo yabo kumurongo rusange winjiza. Twashizeho, duhimba, tunagerageza urubuga rwa neuromorphique rugizwe na neuron ebyiri zisohoka zakira inyongeramusaruro ebyiri (Ishusho 4a). Igishushanyo cyizunguruka cyerekanwe mubishusho 4b. Matrix yo hejuru ya 2 × 2 RRAM yemerera kwinjiza impiswi kwerekeza kuri neuron ebyiri zisohoka, mugihe matrike yo hepfo 2 × 2 yemerera guhuza inshuro ebyiri za neuron ebyiri (N0, N1). Twerekana ko iyi platform ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe nubukererwe bwumurongo hamwe nimirimo ibiri itandukanye yo guhurirana, nkuko bigaragazwa nibipimo byubushakashatsi mubishusho 4c-e.
Igishushanyo cyumuzingi cyakozwe na neuron ebyiri zisohoka N0 na N1 zakira inyongeramusaruro 0 na 1.Ibikoresho bine byambere bya array bisobanura guhuza synaptic kuva kwinjiza kugeza ibisohoka, naho selile enye zo hepfo zisobanura guhuza kenshi na neuron. Ibara rya RRAM ryerekana ibikoresho byashyizwe muri HCS iburyo: ibikoresho muri HCS byemerera guhuza kandi bigereranya uburemere, mugihe ibikoresho biri muri LCS bihagarika pulses yinjira kandi bigahagarika guhuza ibisubizo. b Igishushanyo cyumuzunguruko (a) hamwe na moderi umunani RRAM yagaragaye mubururu. c Imirongo yo gutinda ikorwa mugukoresha gusa imbaraga za synaps ya DPI na neuron ya LIF. Icyatsi RRAM yashyizweho kugirango yitware hejuru bihagije kugirango ishobore gutera akanyabugabo ibisohoka nyuma yo gutinda kwinjiza Δt. d Igishushanyo cyerekana icyerekezo-kitumva CD kumenya ibimenyetso biterwa nigihe. Ibisohoka neuron 1, N1, umuriro ku nyongeramusaruro 0 na 1 hamwe no gutinda gato. e Icyerekezo cyunvikana CD cyumuzunguruko, umuzenguruko umenya mugihe iyinjiza 1 yegereye iyinjizwa 0 ikagera nyuma yo kwinjiza 0. Ibisohoka byumuzunguruko bigaragazwa na neuron 1 (N1).
Umurongo wo gutinda (Igicapo 4c) ukoresha gusa imyitwarire yingirakamaro ya synaps ya DPI na LIF neuron kugirango yongere umusaruro winjiza kuva Vin1 kugeza Vout1 mugutinda Tdel. Gusa G3 RRAM ihujwe na Vin1 na Vout1 yateguwe muri HCS, RRAM zisigaye ziteganijwe muri LCS. Igikoresho cya G3 cyateguwe kuri 92.6 µs kugirango harebwe ko buri musemburo winjiza wongera imbaraga za membrane ya voltage yumusaruro wa neuron uhagije kugirango ugere kumuryango kandi utange umusaruro utinze. Gutinda Tdel bigenwa na synaptic na neural time constants. Ibyuma byahuriranye byerekana ko habaho ibimenyetso bifitanye isano nigihe gito ariko byagabanijwe ahantu hatandukanye. Icyerekezo-kitumva CD gishingiye ku nyongeramusaruro ku giti cye ihinduka ku musaruro rusange wa neuron (Ishusho 4d). RRAM ebyiri zihuza Vin0 na Vin1 na Vout1, G2 na G4 zateguwe kugirango zikore neza. Kuza icyarimwe icyarimwe kuri Vin0 na Vin1 byongera voltage ya N1 neuron membrane hejuru yurwego rusabwa kugirango habeho ibisohoka. Niba ibyinjijwe byombi bitandukanijwe cyane mugihe, amafaranga kuri voltage ya membrane yakusanyirijwe hamwe ninjiza yambere irashobora kugira igihe cyo kubora, ikabuza membrane ishobora kuba N1 itagera kumubare ntarengwa. G1 na G2 byateguwe hafi 65 µs, byemeza ko ikintu kimwe cyinjiza kitongera ingufu za membrane ihagije kugirango itange ibisohoka. Guhura kw'impanuka hagati y'ibyabaye byagabanijwe mu mwanya no mu gihe ni igikorwa cy'ibanze gikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye bwo kumva nko guhitamo inzitizi zishingiye ku gukumira inzitizi no kwirinda isoko. Kubwibyo, kubara icyerekezo-cyunvikana kandi kitumva CD nigikorwa cyibanze cyo kubaka sisitemu yo kwerekana amajwi n'amajwi. Nkuko bigaragazwa nibiranga ibihe bihoraho (reba Ishusho yinyongera.) Rero, irashobora icyarimwe guhuza ibisabwa bya sisitemu yo kureba no kumajwi. Icyerekezo-cyunvikana CD numuzunguruko wunvikana muburyo butandukanye bwo kugera kwa pulses: uhereye iburyo ujya ibumoso naho ubundi. Nibikorwa byibanze byubatswe muburyo bwibanze bwo kumenya icyerekezo cya sisitemu ya Drosophila, ikoreshwa mukubara icyerekezo cyerekanwe no kumenya kugongana62. Kugirango ugere kuri CD yerekana icyerekezo, inyongeramusaruro ebyiri zigomba kwerekezwa kuri neuron ebyiri zitandukanye (N0, N1) kandi hagomba gushyirwaho ihuza ryerekezo hagati yabo (Ishusho 4e). Iyo ibyinjijwe byambere byakiriwe, OYA yitwara mukongera voltage hejuru ya membrane yayo hejuru yumubare ntarengwa no kohereza ibicuruzwa. Ibisohoka ibyabaye, nabyo, birasa N1 tubikesha guhuza icyerekezo cyerekanwe mubyatsi. Niba ibyabaye byinjijwe Vin1 igeze kandi igaha ingufu N1 mugihe membrane yayo ya voltage iracyari hejuru, N1 itanga ibyasohotse byerekana ko umukino wabonetse hagati yinjiza zombi. Ihuza ryerekezo ryemerera N1 gusohora ibisohoka gusa mugihe iyinjiza 1 ije nyuma yo kwinjiza 0. G0, G3, na G7 byateganijwe kuri 73.5 µS, 67.3 µS, na 40.2 µS, bikurikirana, kwemeza ko igipande kimwe cyinjira Vin0 gitera gutinda ibisohoka spike, mugihe N1′s membrane ishobora kugera gusa kurugero iyo byombi byinjijwe bigeze mugihe kimwe. .
Guhinduka nisoko yo kudatungana muburyo bwa neuromorphic sisitemu 63,64,65. Ibi biganisha ku myitwarire itandukanye ya neuron na synaps. Ingero zibi bibi zirimo 30% (bivuze gutandukana bisanzwe) guhinduka mubyunguka byinjiza, igihe gihoraho, nigihe cyo kwanga, kuvuga izina ariko bike (reba Methods). Iki kibazo kiragaragara cyane mugihe imiyoboro myinshi yimitsi ihujwe hamwe, nka CD-yerekana icyerekezo kigizwe na neuron ebyiri. Kugirango ukore neza, inyungu no kubora umwanya uhoraho wa neuron ebyiri bigomba kuba bisa nkibishoboka. Kurugero, itandukaniro rinini mubyungutse byinjiza birashobora gutuma neuron imwe ikabya kurenza iyinjiza mugihe iyindi neuron ititabira neza. Ku mutini. Igicapo 5a cerekana ko neuron zatoranijwe zitabishaka zisubiza muburyo butandukanye bwo kwinjiza pulse. Ihindagurika ryimiterere ningirakamaro, kurugero, kumikorere ya CD-yerekana icyerekezo. Muri gahunda yerekanwe mugitabo. 5b, c, inyungu yinjiza ya neuron 1 irarenze cyane iya neuron 0. Rero, neuron 0 isaba impiswi eshatu zinjira (aho kuba 1) kugirango zigere kumuryango, na neuron 1, nkuko byari byitezwe, ikenera ibintu bibiri byinjira. Gushyira mu bikorwa spike igihe-biterwa na biomimetike ya plastike (STDP) nuburyo bushoboka bwo kugabanya ingaruka zumudugudu udakwiye kandi ucuramye imitsi ya synaptic na synaptic kumikorere ya sisitemu43. Hano turasaba gukoresha imyitwarire ya plastike yibuka irwanya nkuburyo bwo kugira uruhare mukuzamura imitekerereze yimitsi no kugabanya ingaruka zimpinduka mumuzunguruko wa neuromorphique. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo. 4e, urwego rwimyitwarire ijyanye na RRAM synaptic ya misa yahinduye neza igisubizo kijyanye na neural membrane voltage reaction. Dukoresha ingamba zo gutangiza RRAM. Kubyatanzwe byatanzwe, indangagaciro zimyitwarire yuburemere bwa synaptique zongeye gusubirwamo kugeza igihe intego yo kuzunguruka iboneye (reba Methods).
ibipimo by'igeragezwa by'igisubizo cya cyenda cyatoranijwe ku bushake bwa neuron ku giti kimwe. Igisubizo kiratandukanye mubantu, bigira ingaruka kubwinjiza nigihe gihoraho. b Ibipimo byubushakashatsi byerekana ingaruka za neuron ku guhinduka kwa neuron bigira ingaruka kuri CD-yerekana icyerekezo. Ibyerekezo byombi byunvikana CD isohora neuron isubiza muburyo butandukanye kubyinjira bitewe na neuron-to-neuron. Neuron 0 ifite inyungu zinjiza zirenze neuron 1, bisaba rero pulses eshatu zinjiza (aho kuba 1) kugirango habeho ibisohoka. Nkuko byari byitezwe, neuron 1 igera kumurongo hamwe nibintu bibiri byinjira. Niba ibyinjijwe 1 bigeze Δt = 50 µs nyuma ya neuron 0 umuriro, CD iraceceka kuko Δt iruta igihe gihoraho cya neuron 1 (hafi 22 µs). c yagabanijwe na Δt = 20 µs, kuburyo kwinjiza 1 impinga mugihe neuron 1′s irasa iracyari hejuru, bikavamo icyarimwe kumenya ibintu bibiri byinjiye.
Ibintu bibiri bikoreshwa mukubara ITD kubara ni umurongo wo gutinda hamwe nicyerekezo CD itumva. Inzira zombi zisaba kalibrasi neza kugirango yizere neza ko ibintu bihagaze neza. Umurongo wo gutinda ugomba gutanga verisiyo yatinze neza yinjiza (Isanamu 6a), kandi CD igomba gukora gusa mugihe ibyinjijwe biguye murwego rwo kumenya intego. Kumurongo wo gutinda, uburemere bwa synaptique bwibintu byinjira (G3 ku gishushanyo cya 4a) byongeye gusubirwamo kugeza igihe intego yo gutinda yabonetse. Shiraho ubworoherane hafi yintego yo gutinda guhagarika gahunda: uko kwihanganira bito, niko bigoye gushiraho umurongo wo gutinda. Ku mutini. Igicapo 6b cerekana ibisubizo byuburyo bwo gutinda kumurongo wo gutondekanya: birashobora kugaragara ko gahunda yatanzwe ishobora gutanga neza ubukererwe bwose busabwa muri gahunda yo gushushanya (kuva 10 kugeza 300 μs). Umubare ntarengwa wo gusubiramo ibikorwa bigira ingaruka kumiterere yuburyo bwa kalibrasi: 200 gusubiramo birashobora kugabanya ikosa kugeza munsi ya 5%. Ihinduramiterere rimwe rihuye no gushiraho / gusubiramo imikorere ya selire RRAM. Gahunda yo gutunganya nayo irakomeye mugutezimbere ubunyangamugayo bwa CD module ako kanya ibyabaye. Byatwaye inshuro icumi yogusubiramo kugirango ugere ku gipimo cyiza (ni ukuvuga igipimo cyibyabaye byagaragaye neza ko ari ngombwa) hejuru ya 95% (umurongo wubururu ku gishushanyo 6c). Ariko, uburyo bwo guhuza ntabwo bwagize ingaruka kubintu byiza (ni ukuvuga inshuro zibyabaye byagaragaye ko ari ngombwa). Ubundi buryo bwagaragaye muri sisitemu yibinyabuzima kugirango tuneshe imbogamizi zigihe cyinzira zikora byihuse ni ukurenza urugero (ni ukuvuga, kopi nyinshi yikintu kimwe zikoreshwa mugukora umurimo watanzwe). Twahumekewe na biologiya66, twashyize imirongo myinshi ya CD muri buri module ya CD hagati yimirongo ibiri yatinze kugirango tugabanye ingaruka nziza. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo. 6c (umurongo wicyatsi), gushyira ibintu bitatu bya CD muri buri CD module birashobora kugabanya igipimo cyo gutabaza kubeshya kugeza munsi ya 10-2.
Ingaruka zo guhinduka kwa neuronal kumurongo utinda. b Gutinda kumurongo wumurongo urashobora gupimwa kugeza gutinda mugushiraho umwanya uhoraho wa LIF neurons hamwe na DPI synapses kumico minini. Kongera umubare wibikorwa byuburyo bwa kalibrasi ya RRAM byatumye bishoboka kunoza neza ukuri gutinda kwintego: gusubiramo 200 byagabanije ikosa kugeza munsi ya 5%. Itera imwe ihuye nigikorwa cya SET / RESET kuri selire RRAM. Buri CD module muburyo bwa c Jeffress irashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa ukoresheje N parallel CD yibintu kugirango ihindurwe cyane kubijyanye no kunanirwa kwa sisitemu. d Ibindi byinshi bya RRAM yogusubiramo byongera igipimo nyacyo cyiza (umurongo wubururu), mugihe igipimo cyiza cyibinyoma kidashingiye kumibare yisubiramo (umurongo wicyatsi). Gushyira CD yibintu byinshi murwego rwo kwirinda birinda kumenya ibinyoma bya CD module ihuye.
Ubu turasuzuma imikorere nogukoresha ingufu za sisitemu yo kurangiza-iherezo ryibintu byerekanwe muri sisitemu ya 2 dukoresheje ibipimo byimiterere ya acoustic ya sensor ya pMUT, CD, hamwe no gutinda kumurongo ugizwe nishusho ya comptabilite ya neuromorphique. Icyitegererezo cya Jeffress (Ishusho 1a). Kubijyanye nigishushanyo mbonera cya neuromorphic, umubare munini wa CD modules, niko gukemura neza, ariko nanone imbaraga za sisitemu (Ishusho 7a). Ubwumvikane burashobora kugerwaho ugereranije nukuri kubintu bigize buri kintu (sensor ya pMUT, neuron, na synaptic circuits) hamwe na sisitemu yose. Gukemura umurongo wo gutinda bigarukira kumwanya uhoraho wa synapses na neuron bigereranijwe, muri gahunda yacu irenga 10 µs, bihuye no gukemura inguni ya 4 ° (reba Methods). Iterambere ryinshi hamwe na tekinoroji ya CMOS bizemerera gushushanya imiyoboro ya neural na synaptique hamwe nigihe gito gihoraho, bikavamo ukuri gukomeye kubintu bitinda kumurongo. Nyamara, muri sisitemu yacu, ubunyangamugayo bugarukira ku ikosa pMUT mu kugereranya imyanya, ni ukuvuga 10 ° (umurongo utambitse w'ubururu ku gishushanyo 7a). Twashyizeho umubare wa modul ya CD kuri 40, ijyanye no gukemura impande zingana na 4 °, ni ukuvuga, impagarike yerekana neza ibishushanyo mbonera (umurongo w'ubururu utambitse utambitse ku gishushanyo 7a). Kurwego rwa sisitemu, ibi bitanga imyanzuro ya 4 ° hamwe nukuri kwa 10 ° kubintu biri kuri cm 50 imbere ya sisitemu ya sensor. Agaciro kagereranywa na neuromorphic amajwi ya sisitemu yoherejwe muri ref. 67. Kugereranya sisitemu yatanzwe hamwe nuburyo bwubuhanzi urashobora kuyisanga mu mbonerahamwe yinyongera 1. Kongera pMUTs ziyongera, kongera urwego rwibimenyetso bya acoustic, no kugabanya urusaku rwa elegitoronike ninzira zishoboka zo kurushaho kunoza neza aho hantu. ) bigereranijwe kuri 9.7. nz. 55. Uhaye ibice 40 bya CD ku gishushanyo cyo kubara, kwigana SPICE byagereranije ingufu kuri buri gikorwa (ni ukuvuga ingufu zerekana ibintu) ari 21,6 nJ. Sisitemu ya neuromorphique ikora gusa mugihe ibyabaye byinjiye, ni ukuvuga iyo umuyaga wa acoustic ugeze kuri pMUT iyakira iyo ari yo yose kandi ukarenga igipimo cyo kumenya, naho ubundi ugakomeza kudakora. Ibi birinda gukoresha ingufu zidakenewe mugihe nta kimenyetso cyinjiza. Urebye inshuro nyinshi ibikorwa byaho bya Hz 100 hamwe nigihe cyo gukora cya 300 µs kuri buri gikorwa (ITD ishoboka cyane), gukoresha ingufu zishusho ya neuromorphic computing ni 61.7 nW. Hamwe na neuromorphic pre-gutunganya ikoreshwa kuri buri pMUT yakira, gukoresha ingufu za sisitemu yose igera kuri 81,6 nW. Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza ingufu zuburyo bwa neuromorphic buteganijwe ugereranije nibyuma bisanzwe, twagereranije iyi mibare nimbaraga zisabwa kugirango dukore umurimo umwe kuri microcontroller igezweho ikoresheje neuromorphic cyangwa beamforming68 Ubuhanga. Uburyo bwa neuromorphic bufata icyiciro-cyo guhinduranya imibare (ADC), gikurikirwa na bande-pass filter hamwe nicyiciro cyo gukuramo amabahasha (Uburyo bwa Teeger-Kaiser). Kurangiza, ibikorwa birenga bikorerwa gukuramo ToF. Twasibye kubara ITD ishingiye kuri ToF no guhindura imyanya igereranijwe kuva ibi bibaho rimwe kuri buri gupima (reba Methods). Dufashe igipimo cyicyitegererezo cya 250 kHz kumiyoboro yombi (imashini yakira pMUT), ibikorwa 18 byo kuyungurura bande, ibikorwa byo gukuramo amabahasha 3, hamwe nigikorwa 1 ntarengwa kuri buri cyitegererezo, ingufu zose zingana na microwatts 245. Ibi bifashisha microcontroller imbaraga nkeya -69, ifungura mugihe algorithms idakora, igabanya gukoresha amashanyarazi kugeza 10.8 µW. Imbaraga zikoreshwa mugutanga ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso byatanzwe mubisobanuro. 31, hamwe na 5 ya pMUT yakira hamwe nibiti 11 byagabanijwe kimwe mu ndege ya azimuth [-50 °, + 50 °], ni 11,71 mW (reba igice cya Methods kugirango ubone ibisobanuro). Mubyongeyeho, turatanga raporo yo gukoresha ingufu za FPGA47 ishingiye kuri Time Difference Encoder (TDE) igereranijwe kuri mW 1.5 nkumusimbuzi wa moderi ya Jeffress kugirango ibintu bishoboke. Hashingiwe kuri ibi bigereranyo, uburyo bwateganijwe bwa neuromorphique bugabanya gukoresha amashanyarazi inshuro eshanu z'ubunini ugereranije na microcontroller ukoresheje tekinoroji ya kera yo kumurika ibikorwa byaho. Kwemeza uburyo bwa neuromorphic uburyo bwo gutunganya ibimenyetso kuri microcontroller bigabanya gukoresha amashanyarazi hafi abiri yubunini. Imikorere ya sisitemu yatanzwe irashobora gusobanurwa nuruvange rwimikorere idahwitse irwanya-kwibuka igereranya ishoboye gukora mububiko bwo kwibuka hamwe no kubura kugereranya-kuri-digitale isabwa kugirango ibone ibimenyetso.
icyerekezo cya Angular (ubururu) no gukoresha ingufu (icyatsi) cyibikorwa byaho bitewe numubare wa CD module. Umurongo wijimye wijimye utambitse ugereranya uburinganire bwa PMUT naho ubururu butambitse bwubururu butambitse bugereranya uburinganire bwimiterere ya neuromorphic computational graph. b Gukoresha ingufu za sisitemu yatanzwe no kugereranya hamwe na bibiri byaganiriweho gushyira mu bikorwa microcontroller no gushyira mu bikorwa imibare ya Time Difference Encoder (TDE) 47 FPGA.
Kugirango tugabanye ingufu za sisitemu yo kwishyiriraho intego, twatekereje, dushushanya kandi dushyira mubikorwa neza, ibyabaye-biterwa na RRAM ishingiye kuri neuromorphic umuzunguruko utunganya amakuru yerekana ibimenyetso byakozwe na sensor yubatswe kugirango tubare umwanya wikintu cyateganijwe mubyukuri igihe. . Mugihe uburyo bwa gakondo bwo gutunganya bwakomeje kwerekana ibimenyetso byamenyekanye kandi bigakora kubara kugirango bikuremo amakuru yingirakamaro, igisubizo cya neuromorphic igisubizo gikora ibarwa mugihe kimwe amakuru yingirakamaro ageze, bigatuma imbaraga za sisitemu zikoreshwa muburyo butanu bwubunini. Mubyongeyeho, turagaragaza ihinduka ryimikorere ya RRAM ishingiye kuri neuromorphic. Ubushobozi bwa RRAM bwo guhindura imyitwarire muburyo butajegajega (plastike) yishyura impinduka zisanzwe za ultra-low power analog DPI ya synaptic na neural circuit. Ibi bituma uruziga rushingiye kuri RRAM ruhinduka kandi rukomeye. Intego yacu ntabwo ari ugukuramo ibikorwa bigoye cyangwa ibishushanyo bivuye mubimenyetso, ahubwo ni uguhindura ibintu mugihe nyacyo. Sisitemu yacu irashobora kandi guhagarika neza ibimenyetso hanyuma amaherezo ikayohereza mubindi bikorwa byo gutunganya kugirango dufate ibyemezo bikomeye mugihe bikenewe. Mu rwego rwo kwimenyekanisha kwaho, intambwe yacu ya neuromorphic intambwe yo gutunganya irashobora gutanga amakuru ajyanye nibintu biri. Aya makuru arashobora gukoreshwa, kurugero, mugushakisha icyerekezo cyangwa kumenyekanisha ibimenyetso. Turashimangira akamaro ko guhuza ultra imbaraga nkeya za sensor nka pMUTs na ultra power power electronics. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwa neuromorphique bwabaye ingenzi kuko bwaduteye guteza imbere uburyo bushya bwo gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kubara bwahumetswe na biologiya nka moderi ya Jeffress. Mu rwego rwa sensor fusion progaramu, sisitemu yacu irashobora guhuzwa nibintu byinshi bitandukanye bishingiye kumyumvire kugirango tubone amakuru yukuri. Nubwo ibihunyira ari byiza cyane kubona umuhigo mu mwijima, bifite amaso meza kandi bigakora ubushakashatsi hamwe no gushakisha amashusho mbere yo gufata umuhigo70. Iyo neuron yunvikana yumuriro, igihunyira cyakira amakuru akeneye kugirango tumenye icyerekezo cyo gutangiriraho gushakisha amashusho, bityo kikerekeza ibitekerezo byacyo ku gice gito cyerekana. Ihuriro ryibikoresho byerekana amashusho (DVS kamera) hamwe nicyifuzo cyo gutega amatwi (gishingiye kuri pMUT) bigomba gushakishwa kugirango iterambere ryabakozi ryigenga.
Sensor ya pMUT iherereye kuri PCB hamwe niyakira ebyiri hafi cm 10 zitandukanye, naho transmitter iri hagati yabakiriye. Muri iki gikorwa, buri membrane ni imiterere ya bimorph ihagaritswe igizwe nibice bibiri bya nitride ya piezoelectric ya aluminium (AlN) 800 nm umubyimba ushyizwe hagati yibice bitatu bya molybdenum (Mo) 200 nm z'ubugari kandi bigashyirwa hamwe nuburebure bwa 200 nm. hejuru passivating SiN layer nkuko byasobanuwe mubisobanuro. 71.
Ubu bwubatsi butuma ikoreshwa rya membrane isanzwe ihindagurika, bikavamo kwanduza no kwakira sensibilité. Ubusanzwe pMUT yerekana ibyiyumvo bishimishije bya 700 nm / V nka emitter, itanga umuvuduko wubuso bwa 270 Pa / V. Nkuwakira, firime imwe ya pMUT yerekana ibyerekezo bigufi bya 15 nA / Pa, bifitanye isano itaziguye na coefficient ya piezoelectric ya AlN. Impinduka ya tekiniki ya voltage murwego rwa AlN itera impinduka mumurongo wa resonant, ishobora kwishyurwa no gukoresha kubogama kwa DC kuri pMUT. Ibyiyumvo bya DC byapimwe kuri 0.5 kHz / V. Kubiranga acoustic, mikoro ikoreshwa imbere ya pMUT.
Gupima echo pulse, twashyize isahani y'urukiramende rufite ubuso bungana na cm 50 imbere ya pMUT kugirango tugaragaze amajwi yasohotse. Byombi intera iri hagati yamasahani nu mfuruka ugereranije nindege ya pMUT igenzurwa hakoreshejwe ibyuma bidasanzwe. Umuyoboro wa Tectronix CPX400DP ubogamye kubintu bitatu bya pMUT, ugahuza umurongo wa resonant ukagera kuri 111.9 kHz31, mugihe utanga imiyoboro itwarwa na generator ya Tectronix AFG 3102 ihujwe na radiyo yumurongo (111.9 kHz) hamwe ninshingano ya 0.01. Imiyoboro yasomwe kuva kuri bine bisohoka kuri buri pMUT yakira ihindurwamo voltage ikoresheje itandukaniro ryihariye ritandukanye ryumubyigano hamwe nububiko bwa voltage, kandi ibimenyetso byavuyemo byanditswe na sisitemu yo kubona amakuru ya Spektrum. Umupaka wo gutahura waranzwe no kubona ibimenyetso bya pMUT mubihe bitandukanye: twimuye indangururamajwi mu ntera zitandukanye [30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100] cm hanyuma duhindura inguni ya pMUT ([0, 20, 40] o ) Igishushanyo cya 2b cyerekana ITD yo gutahura by'agateganyo bitewe n'umwanya uhuye na dogere.
Iyi ngingo ikoresha imirongo ibiri itandukanye ya RRAM. Iya mbere ni umurongo wibikoresho 16.384 (16,000) (128 × 128 ibikoresho) muburyo bwa 1T1R hamwe na tristoriste imwe na résistoriste. Chip ya kabiri ni platform ya neuromorphic igaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4a. Akagari ka RRAM kagizwe na firime 5 nm ya HfO2 yashyizwe muri TiN / HfO2 / Ti / TiN. Ikibaho cya RRAM cyinjijwe inyuma-yumurongo (BEOL) yuburyo busanzwe bwa 130nm CMOS. Imiyoboro ya RRAM ishingiye kuri neuromorphic yerekana ikibazo cyo gushushanya sisitemu ya elegitoroniki yose igereranya ibikoresho bya RRAM bibana nikoranabuhanga gakondo rya CMOS. By'umwihariko, imiyoboro ya RRAM igikoresho igomba gusomwa no gukoreshwa nkibikorwa bihinduka kuri sisitemu. Kugirango bigerweho, umuzenguruko wateguwe, uhimbwa kandi urageragezwa usoma ikigezweho kuva mugikoresho mugihe iyinjiza ryinjira ryakiriwe kandi rigakoresha uyu muyoboro kugirango uburemere bwibisubizo byimbaraga zitandukanye (DPI) synaps. Uyu muzunguruko werekanye ku gishushanyo cya 3a, kigereranya ibice byibanze byubaka bya neuromorphic platform mu gishushanyo 4a. Iyinjiza ryimikorere ikora irembo ryigikoresho cya 1T1R, itera umuyoboro unyuze muri RRAM ugereranije nigikoresho cyigikoresho G (Iweight = G (Vtop - Vx)). Inverting yinjiza ya amplifier ikora (op-amp) ifite umuzingo uhoraho wa DC bias voltage Vtop. Ibitekerezo bibi bya op-amp bizatanga Vx = Vtop mugutanga amashanyarazi angana kuva M1. Ubu Iweight yakuwe mubikoresho yatewe muri synaps ya DPI. Umuyoboro ukomeye uzavamo depolarisation nyinshi, bityo imyitwarire ya RRAM ishyira mubikorwa uburemere bwa synaptic. Umuyoboro wa synaptique werekana inshinge unyuze muri capacitor ya membrane ya Leaky Integrated and Excitation (LIF) neuron, aho ihuriweho na voltage. Niba voltage yumubyimba wa membrane (guhinduranya voltage ya inverter) byatsinzwe, igice gisohoka cya neuron kirakora, kibyara umusaruro. Iyi pulse iragaruka kandi ihagarika ubushobozi bwa neuron ya membrane capacitor hasi, bigatuma isohoka. Uyu muzunguruko noneho wongerwaho nogukwirakwiza impiswi (iterekanwa kumashusho 3a), ikora ibisohoka biva muri neuron ya LIF kugeza mubugari bwintego. Multiplexers nayo yubatswe muri buri murongo, ituma voltage ikoreshwa kuri electrode yo hejuru no hepfo yibikoresho bya RRAM.
Igeragezwa ryamashanyarazi ririmo gusesengura no kwandika imyitwarire yingirakamaro yumuzunguruko, kimwe no gutangiza no gusoma ibikoresho bya RRAM. Intambwe zombi zisaba ibikoresho byihariye, byose bihujwe na sensor ya board icyarimwe. Kugera kubikoresho bya RRAM mumuzunguruko wa neuromorphic bikorwa mubikoresho byo hanze binyuze muri multiplexer (MUX). MUX itandukanya selile 1T1R nibindi bisigaye byumuzunguruko urimo, bituma igikoresho gisomwa kandi / cyangwa cyateguwe. Kugirango utegure kandi usome ibikoresho bya RRAM, imashini ya Keithley 4200 ya SCS ikoreshwa ifatanije na microcontroller ya Arduino: iyambere mugusohora neza impiswi no gusoma kurubu, naho iyakabiri kugirango igere byihuse kubintu bya 1T1R muburyo bwo kwibuka. Igikorwa cya mbere nugukora igikoresho cya RRAM. Ingirabuzimafatizo zatoranijwe umwe umwe kandi voltage nziza ikoreshwa hagati ya electrode yo hejuru no hepfo. Muri iki kibazo, ikigezweho kigarukira kuri gahunda ya microamperes icumi kubera itangwa ryumubyigano wamarembo uhuye na transistor yatoranije. Akagari ka RRAM gashobora noneho kuzenguruka hagati ya leta yoroheje (LCS) na leta iyobora cyane (HCS) ikoresheje ibikorwa bya RESET na SET. Igikorwa cya SET gikorwa mugukoresha impagarike yumubyigano wurukiramende ufite uburebure bwa 1 μs hamwe na voltage ya pex ya 2.0-2.5 V kuri electrode yo hejuru, hamwe na sync pulse yimiterere isa na voltage ya 0.9-1.3 V kugeza irembo ryabatoranya transistor. Indangagaciro zemerera guhindura imyitwarire ya RRAM kuri 20-150 µs intera. Kuri RESET, ubugari bwa 1 µs, 3 V impinga ikoreshwa kuri electrode yo hepfo (umurongo wa biti) ya selire mugihe voltage yumuryango iri murwego rwa 2.5-3.0 V. Ibyinjira nibisohoka byumuzunguruko ni ibimenyetso byerekana imbaraga. . Kwinjiza, twahujije amashanyarazi abiri HP 8110 hamwe na Tektronix AFG3011 itanga ibimenyetso. Iyinjiza pulse ifite ubugari bwa 1 µs no kuzamuka / kugwa kwa 50 ns. Ubu bwoko bwa pulse bufatwa nkibisanzwe muburyo bwa analog glitch ishingiye kumuzunguruko. Kubijyanye nibisohoka, ibimenyetso bisohoka byanditswe hakoreshejwe Teledyne LeCroy 1 GHz oscilloscope. Umuvuduko wo kubona oscilloscope byagaragaye ko utari imbogamizi mu gusesengura no kubona amakuru y’umuzunguruko.
Gukoresha imbaraga za elegitoroniki igereranya kwigana imyitwarire ya neuron na synaps nigisubizo cyiza kandi cyiza cyo kunoza imikorere yo kubara. Ingaruka zibi bibarwa ni uko bizatandukana bitewe na gahunda. Twagereranije itandukaniro rya neuron hamwe na sisitemu ya synaptique (Ishusho yinyongera. 2a, b). Mubigaragaza byose bihindagurika, bifitanye isano nigihe gihoraho hamwe ninyungu zinjiza bifite ingaruka zikomeye kurwego rwa sisitemu. Igihe gihoraho cya LIF neuron na synaps ya DPI igenwa numuzunguruko wa RC, aho agaciro ka R kagenzurwa na voltage ya bias ikoreshwa kumuryango wa transistor (Vlk kuri neuron na Vtau kuri synaps), ikagena u igipimo cyo kumeneka. Inyungu yinjira isobanurwa nkumubyigano wimpanuka wageze kuri synaptic na neuronal membrane capacator zatewe imbaraga ninjiza. Inyungu yinjiza igenzurwa nubundi kubogama transistor ihindura ibyinjira. Ikigereranyo cya Monte Carlo cyahinduwe kuri ST Microelectronics ya 130nm yakozwe kugirango ikusanyirize inyungu hamwe nigihe gihoraho. Ibisubizo byatanzwe mubishushanyo 2, aho inyungu zinjira nigihe gihoraho kibarwa nkigikorwa cya bias voltage igenzura igipimo cyo kumeneka. Icyatsi kibisi kigereranya gutandukana kwigihe gihoraho uhereye hagati. Byombi bya neuron hamwe na synaptic ya sisitemu byashoboye kwerekana umwanya munini uhoraho murwego rwa 10-5-10-2 s, nkuko bigaragara muri gahunda yinyongera. Kwiyongera kwinjiza (Igishushanyo cya 2e, d) cya neuronal na synaps variable yari hafi 8% na 3%. Uku kubura kwanditse neza mubitabo: ibipimo bitandukanye byakorewe kumurongo wa chip ya DYNAP kugirango hamenyekane itandukaniro riri hagati yabaturage ba neurone ya LIF63. Synapses muri chip ya signal ya BrainScale yapimwe hanyuma isesengura ryayo ridahuye, hanyuma hashyirwaho uburyo bwa kalibrasi kugirango hagabanuke ingaruka ziterwa na sisitemu yo murwego 64.
Imikorere ya RRAM mumuzunguruko wa neuromorphic ni ebyiri: ibisobanuro byubwubatsi (guhuza ibyinjira mubisubizo) no gushyira mubikorwa uburemere bwa synaptic. Umutungo wanyuma urashobora gukoreshwa mugukemura ikibazo cyimihindagurikire yimikorere ya neuromorphic. Twateje imbere uburyo bworoshye bwo guhitamo burimo gusubiramo porogaramu ya RRAM kugeza igihe isesengura ryujuje ibisabwa. Kubitekerezo byatanzwe, ibisohoka birakurikiranwa kandi RRAM isubirwamo porogaramu kugeza imyitwarire igamije. Igihe cyo gutegereza cya 5 s cyatangijwe hagati yimikorere yo gutangiza gahunda kugirango gikemure ikibazo cyo kuruhuka kwa RRAM bivamo ihindagurika ryimyitwarire yigihe gito (Amakuru yinyongera). Ibipimo bya synaptique birahindurwa cyangwa bigahinduka ukurikije ibisabwa byumuzunguruko wa neuromorphique. Gahunda ya kalibrasi yakusanyirijwe muri algorithms yinyongera [1, 2] yibanda kubintu bibiri byingenzi biranga imiyoboro ya neuromorphique, gutinda imirongo hamwe na CD itumva icyerekezo. Kuzunguruka hamwe n'umurongo wo gutinda, intego intego ni ugutanga ibisohoka pulse hamwe no gutinda Δt. Niba gutinda kwinzira nyayo bitarenze agaciro kateganijwe, uburemere bwa synaptique ya G3 bugomba kugabanuka (G3 igomba gusubirwamo hanyuma igashyirwa kumurongo wo hasi uhuza Icc). Ibinyuranye, niba gutinda kwukuri kurenza agaciro kateganijwe, imyitwarire ya G3 igomba kwiyongera (G3 igomba kubanza gusubirwamo hanyuma igashyirwa kumurongo wo hejuru wa Icc). Iyi nzira irasubirwamo kugeza igihe gutinda byatewe numuzunguruko bihuye nagaciro kagenewe kandi kwihanganira gushyirwaho kugirango uhagarike gahunda. Kubyerekezo-bitumva CD, ibikoresho bibiri bya RRAM, G1 na G3, bigira uruhare mubikorwa bya kalibrasi. Uyu muzunguruko ufite inyongera ebyiri, Vin0 na Vin1, watinze na dt. Umuzunguruko ugomba gusubiza gusa gutinda munsi yurwego ruhuye [0, dtCD]. Niba nta bisohoka bisohoka, ariko ibyinjira byinjira biri hafi, ibikoresho byombi bya RRAM bigomba kuzamurwa kugirango bifashe neuron kugera kumuryango. Ibinyuranye, niba umuzunguruko usubije gutinda kurenze intego ya dtCD, imyitwarire igomba kugabanuka. Subiramo inzira kugeza igihe habonetse imyitwarire iboneye. Ibiriho byubahirizwa birashobora guhindurwa nubushakashatsi bwubatswe muri ref. 72.73. Hamwe nu muzunguruko wubatswe, inzira nkizo zirashobora gukorwa mugihe runaka kugirango uhindure sisitemu cyangwa uyikoreshe kubindi bikorwa.
Turasuzuma ingufu zikoreshwa muburyo bwo gutunganya ibimenyetso bya neuromorphic kuri microcontroller68 isanzwe. Muri iri suzuma, twibwira ko dukora hamwe nuburyo bumwe muriyi mpapuro, hamwe na transmitter imwe ya pMUT hamwe niyakira ebyiri za pMUT. Ubu buryo bukoresha akayunguruzo kayunguruzo, hagakurikiraho intambwe yo gukuramo ibahasha (Teeger-Kaiser), hanyuma amaherezo ibikorwa byinjira bikoreshwa mukimenyetso cyo gukuramo igihe cyo guhaguruka. Iharurwa rya ITD no guhinduka kwayo muburyo bwo gutahura bisibwe mugusuzuma. Dutekereje kuri bande ya filteri ishyirwa mubikorwa dukoresheje gahunda ya 4 itagira umupaka ibisubizo bitagira ingano bisaba ibikorwa 18 bireremba. Gukuramo ibahasha ikoresha ibindi bitatu bireremba hejuru yibikorwa, kandi ibikorwa byanyuma bikoreshwa mugushiraho urwego. Igiteranyo cya 22 kireremba ingingo zisabwa kugirango hategurwe ibimenyetso. Ikimenyetso cyoherejwe nigiturika kigufi cya 111.9 kHz ya sine yumurongo wabyaye buri ms 10 bikavamo umwanya uhoraho wa 100 Hz. Twakoresheje igipimo cya 250 kHz kugirango twubahirize Nyquist hamwe nidirishya rya ms 6 kuri buri gipimo kugirango dufate intera ya metero 1. Menya ko milisegonda 6 nigihe cyo kuguruka cyikintu kiri muri metero 1. Ibi bitanga ingufu za 180 µW kugirango A / D ihindurwe kuri 0.5 MSPS. Gutunganya ibimenyetso mbere ni 6.60 MIPS (amabwiriza kumasegonda), bitanga 0,75 mW. Nyamara, microcontroller irashobora guhinduka muburyo buke bwingufu 69 mugihe algorithm idakora. Ubu buryo butanga imbaraga zihamye za 10.8 μW hamwe nigihe cyo kubyuka cya 113 μs. Urebye isaha ya 84 MHz, microcontroller irangiza ibikorwa byose bya algorithm ya neuromorphic algorithm muri ms 10, kandi algorithm ibara uruziga rwa 6.3%, bityo ikoresheje uburyo buke bwingufu. Amashanyarazi yavuyemo ni 244.7 μW. Menya ko dusibye ITD ibisohoka muri ToF no guhindura muburyo bwo gutahura, bityo tugaha agaciro ingufu zikoreshwa na microcontroller. Ibi bitanga agaciro kinyongera kubikorwa byingufu za sisitemu yatanzwe. Nkibindi byagereranijwe byo kugereranya, turasuzuma gukoresha ingufu zuburyo bwa kera bwo kumurika bwatanzwe mubisobanuro. 31.54 iyo yashyizwe muri microcontroller imwe kuri 1.8V itanga voltage. Ibice bitanu bingana pMUT ikoreshwa mugushakisha amakuru yo kumurika. Kubijyanye no gutunganya ubwabyo, uburyo bwo kumurika bwakoreshejwe ni ugutinda kurangiza. Igizwe gusa no gukoresha gutinda kumurongo uhuye nibitandukaniro byateganijwe mugihe cyo kuhagera hagati yumuhanda umwe. Niba ibimenyetso biri mubice, igiteranyo cyibi bimenyetso kizagira ingufu nyinshi nyuma yigihe cyo guhinduka. Niba zitarangiye, kwivanga kwangiza bizagabanya ingufu zamafaranga yabo. mu mibanire. Ku mutini. 31, icyitegererezo cya 2 MHz cyatoranijwe kugirango uhindure amakuru numubare wuzuye wintangarugero. Uburyo bwiyubashye burenzeho ni ugukomeza urugero rwikigereranyo cya 250 kHz hanyuma ugakoresha Akayunguruzo Kurangiza Impinduka (FIR) kugirango ushushanye gutinda kubice. Tuzakeka ko ubunini bwa algorithm ya beamforming bigenwa cyane cyane nigihe cyo guhinduranya, kubera ko buri muyoboro uhujwe na FIR muyunguruzi hamwe na kanda 16 muri buri cyerekezo. Kugirango tubare umubare wa MIPS usabwa muriki gikorwa, turasuzuma idirishya rya 6ms kuri buri gipimo kugirango dufate intera ya metero 1, imiyoboro 5, icyerekezo 11 kimurika (intera +/- 50 ° muri 10 ° intambwe). Ibipimo 75 ku isegonda byasunikishije microcontroller kugeza kuri MIPS ntarengwa 100. Ihuza. 68, bivamo gukwirakwiza ingufu za 11.26 mW kugirango amashanyarazi yose agabanuke kuri 11,71 mW nyuma yo kongeramo umusanzu wa ADC.
Amakuru ashyigikira ibisubizo byubu bushakashatsi araboneka kubanditsi, FM, babisabye.
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